Calorimeters free essay sample

The Calorimeters are a gadget that can quantify the warmth that originates from consuming a thing. Basic Calorimeter A basic calorimeter is utilized to identify the enthalpy change when a fuel is singed. The fuel is singed to warm a particular mass of water and afterward measure its ascent in temperature. The word calorimeter originates from the Latin expression calor which means heat. A straightforward calorimeter just comprises of a thermometer joined to a metal holder brimming with water suspended over a burning chamber. The following is an outline of a basic calorimeter. The temperature of the water takes into consideration computing calorie substance of the fuel. Pressurized with unadulterated oxygen and containing a known mass of an example and a modest quantity of water, it is lowered under a known volume of water before the charge is electrically lighted. The bomb, with the example and oxygen, structure a shut framework, no air avoids during the response. We will compose a custom paper test on Calorimeters or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The vitality discharged by the ignition raises the temperature of the steel bomb, its substance, and the encompassing water coat. The temperature change in the water is then precisely estimated. This temperature ascend, alongside a bomb factor (which is reliant on the warmth limit of the metal bomb parts) is utilized to figure the vitality given out by the example consume. A little revision is made to represent the electrical vitality input, the consuming wire, and corrosive creation (by titration of the remaining fluid). After the temperature rise has been estimated, the abundance pressure in the bomb is discharged. Fundamentally, a bomb calorimeter comprises of a little cup to contain the example, oxygen, a treated steel bomb, water, a stirrer, a thermometer and start circuit associated with the bomb. The following is a graph of a bomb calorimeter.

Marbury v. Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marbury v. Madison - Essay Example The realities that encompassed Marbury’s case were intricate. In the first place, following the appointment of 1800; the rising Democratic-Republican Party drove by Thomas Jefferson won the political race against the John Adam’s Federalist Party. This destruction by Thomas Jefferson made a climate of divided tension for the intermediary Federalists2. As Adams turned out to be near finishing his term in office, he selected a few equity of harmony for the District of Columbia who were affirmed by the Senate and got the president’s endorsement. The President’s mark was attached with the government’s official seal. The commissions were not conveyed; in any case, upon President Jefferson’s presumption of office by March 5, 1801, he requested his Secretary of State by the name of James Madison, not to convey the commissions. One of the deputies called William Marbury, and afterward recorded an appeal to the Supreme Court for a lawful request or a writ of mandamus that planned for convincing Madison to show the explanations for him not being qualified to get his bonus. Boss Justice Marshall was called upon to understand the case, and was to react to three inquiries. One of the inquiries was to decide if Marbury has an option to writ for which he requested. The subsequent one was whether the U.S. laws allowed the court to give Marbury such a legitimate request. The third inquiry was, on the off chance that they did, could such a writ be provided by the Supreme Court3? Reacting to the main inquiry, Marshal made a decision that expressed that Marbury had been truly named in agreement to the law, and in this way, reserved an option to the writ. He further expressed that since Marbury had a lawful right to his bonus and the law was to grant him a cure. The Chief Justice felt free to demonstrate that it was the specific commitment of the courts to ensure

Where Youre Going, Where Ive Been

Where You’re Going, Where I’ve Been Hey everyone! Some people have asked if Im still blogging (mostly my mom). Yes, I am, but Ive just been very busy/lazy/boring. The only major news on my end since the last time we caught up is that I got my EMT training and have started working on the MIT-EMS ambulance. On your end: CPW! Hopefully youll be able to join us for Campus Preview Weekend. When I was a prefrosh, I couldnt make it to CPW, but I visited on my own about a month later. Either way, I urge everyone, admitted or otherwise, to try to visit as many of your options as possible. Campus visits really helped me narrow my decision down to two schools, and there is no better way to get a feel for a college. Im really excited to see you guys, the next generation of MIT students. CPW will be all kinds of fun. Click here to browse through all 660+ events. I recommend getting an idea now of what all you want to do when you get here. With so many events to choose from, it would be good to have at least a rough outline of what youd like to see. Here are my picks: N.A.L.G.A.S. Fiesta: Thursday, 5-7:30pm, Next House. This will be awesome. There will be beavers filled with candy for you to break open with a baseball bat. -Meet the bloggers! Friday, 6:30pm, 2nd floor of the Student Center. Youll introduce yourselves to us; well introduce ourselves to you. -Student Activities Fair: Saturday, 1-3pm, Johnson. This is, in my opinion, one of the most valuable events of CPW. There will be hundreds of booths and thousands of strangers handing out free swag and begging for your email address. You can get a sense of what types of activities you can, and will, get involved with. There will be another event like this during Orientation week, but the CPW fair is a good way to interact with organizations before you have to make your matriculation decision. WMBR Open House: Saturday, 3pm, Walker Memorial Building. See behind the scenes of MITs student radio station and its enormous record library. Ever wanted to see what a vinyl record is like? Find out how to get your own radio show? Heres your chance! Youll also be able to pick a song to introduce and play live on the air. I think that is pretty darn cool. Finally, if you have any questions about your visit to MIT, or your college choices in general, feel free shoot me an email me at the address in the banner.

Sales and Marketing Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Location-Nestled between the Blue Mountains west of Sydney in Katoomba is the most lifestyle oriented and eclectic foods street. Location-Nestled between the Blue Mountains west of Sydney in Katoomba is the most lifestyle oriented and eclectic foods street. The Katoomba restaurant is well known for its mouth-watering dishes. The entire staff of Katoomba Street is well trained and equipped with extensive knowledge of each bottle on the beverage menu. This offers the restaurant an upper edge as it reassures that its clients receive exceptional services from the entire staff. As a small restaurant, Katoomba street caf is an ideal location for intimate dinners. The awesome support of the waiters coupled with Blue Mountains view, nice ambiance, and the tasty, innovative menu makes lovers relax and enjoy their romance. Weakness Overpriced foods and snacks, with two burgers, wedges a toastie, one is bound to pay a hefty $57. The poor Service-The waitress is slow in serving the clients t he food and snacks that the clients have ordered for. Limited hours of operation-The street caf is operational between 9:30 am till 5:00 pm. It is bound to lose a lot of clients who go to work in the morning and may prefer to take breakfast from the hotel. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Marketing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Leeflang et al. , note that by motivating the customer experience, it is bound to improve the client experience it provides to the clients. Moreover, any client who is prepared to capture a photo of their meal and distribute it to followers online is a prospective brand promoter.

Imc Tools Used by Lux - 2060 Words

IMC TOOLS USED BY LUX Promotion The great Indian brand wagon started nearly four decades ago. Great brands sometimes outlast their ambassadors as proven by Lux which celebrated its 75th anniversary in India. The first ambassador, Leela Chitnis featured in a Lux advertisement which flagged off the Lux wagon. She gave way to a galaxy of stars which includes Madhubala, Nargis, Meena Kumari, Mala Sinha, Sharmila Tagore, Waheeda Rehman, Saira Banu, Hema Malini, Zeenat Amaan, Juhi Chawla, Madhuri Dixit, Sridevi, Aishwarya Rai and Kareena Kapoor. The last frontier for most actors aspiring to stardom is becoming a Lux ambassador. The brand has outlasted many soaps. From the beginning, Lux became a household name across the country. Sales†¦show more content†¦The Bars come in package sizes of 100g, 120g, 150 g .Lux has also launched a 45 g variant called Mini Lux priced at Rs. 5. Point of Purchases: The LUX is not given a notable placement on the shelves of different retail shops departmental stores for its sales promotion. Usually the company goes for wide display in the stores where it potential for its product. Different eye-catching decorations are made inside the store and in the showcase for outside display. These arrangements are made with the assistance of the sales people of the company. Advertisements: The message that the product reflects in its advertisements is the one that is usually narrated by the corporate itself. Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor. Ads can be a cost effective way to disseminate messages, whether to build a brand preference or to educate people. USP or the common thread through all the advertisements is the Presence of Movie Stars through the ages. The product has been positioned on the basis of REFERENCE GROUP by using a celebrity popular at that point in time. Some amount of attribute positioning by mentioning the various ingredients has also been done. Lux campaigns have wooed millions of people over the decades. Popularly known as the beauty soap of film stars, Lux has been an intimate partner of the brightest stars on the silver screen for decades. An ode to theirShow MoreRelatedIntegrated Marketing Communications5413 Words   |  22 PagesCommunication Definition: IMC is a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic roles of a variety of communications disciplines – for example, general advertising, direct response, sales promotion, and public relations – and combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communications impact by The American Association of Advertising Agencies (the 4A’s) The Emergence of IMC The Market revolutionRead MoreMarketing Is Called Delivery of Standard of Living4264 Words   |  18 Pagesnot marketing...however the publicity and hyping of the event for commercial purposes is. It was the era of the clean-cut figure in a smart suit, the glad hander salesman who could sell refrigerators to an Eskimo, capable of selling everything from used cars to Bibles. It was sometime in the late Forties that attention came to rest upon a number of inter related elements of the marketing task that seemed to act together to influence the offtake of a product or service. Neil Borden of Harvard coinedRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesrelations Understanding individual consumer behaviour Understanding industrial consumer behaviour Customer satisfaction Customer relationship management Marketing of services Rural marketing Types of marketing research Process of marketing research Tools and Techniques of marketing research Applications of marketing research Preparation of marketing research report Online marketing E-commerce Trends in marketing Page No. Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction Read MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesotherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any afï ¬ liation with or endorsementRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagescreate jobs in the economy by increasing demand for goods and services. C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofit organizations. Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Objective: 1 Difficulty: Easy 2) ________ is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior

The Birthmark Analysis - 1198 Words

The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a dark romantic short story based in the nineteenth century. The short story highlights the relationship between Aylmer and Georgiana as well as the dynamics of the different personality types between the two. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Aylmer as well as Georgiana an example of tragic flaws to further the conflict in the story. A tragic flaw is a literary device found within The Birthmark. â€Å"Tragic flaw is a literary device that can be defined as a trait in a character leading to his downfall and the character is often the hero of the literary piece. This trait could be the lack of self-knowledge, lack of judgment and often it is hubris† (Tragic). Tragic flaws derived from Greek tragedies and normally†¦show more content†¦Even Pygmalion, when his sculptured woman assumed life, felt not greater ecstasy then mine will be† (Hawthorne 4). The story of Pygmalion tells a story of a man who made a sculpture of a beautiful woman from ivory, he loved this â€Å"woman† so much that once time when he was praying, the goddess Venus saw how much love he had for it that she turned the statue real (The Story of Pygmalion). This allusion to the poem can show us multiple things about Aylmers character, as well as where he went wrong. Aylmer sees himself as a magical creator, that he can use science to perfect what â€Å"mistakes† nature had made. The reference also reveals a fundamental misunderstanding for Aylmers own scientific experiment, Aylmer is not creating a woman, Aylmer is trying to fix something that has already been made. This reference shows that Aylmers self-regard has blinded himself to the true nature of his experiment. Georgiana is an important character in this story, she not only is the owner of the birthmark that Aylmer sets out to remove, but she also shows us how women in the nineteenth century are treated and how they are supposed to act. â€Å"Women were thought to be more pur e, innocent, and morally superior to men; however, they were also more easily corrupted. More importantly, women who expressed traits or desires contrary to these ideals were ostracized and deemed to have unsexed themselves† (Radek). Women in the nineteenth century were supposed to act passively, women were justShow MoreRelatedSula Birthmark Analysis1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe Birthmark and Sula: Forced Identity Toni Morrison’s novel Sula, examines a wide range of topics, delving particularly into morality, the black female experience, and friendship. The narrative follows childhood best friends, Nel and Sula, as they navigate life in the Bottom, a black community in Ohio. Although inseparable as children, even undivided after accidentally killing a two-year-old boy, they follow divergent paths as adults. Nel leads a life of conformity; Sula does the opposite. AnRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Birthmark 905 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nathaniel Hawthorn story â€Å"The Birthmark† is a about a scientist who strives to fix the imperfections of human nature. Not only does he kill his wife during the process, his attempt to have any control over human nature dies as well. This story is ironic in the way Hawthorne uses his symbolism in his characters to portray. Judith Fetterley says, The Birthmark demonstrates the consequences to women of being trapped in the laboratory of man s mind, the object of unrelenting scrutiny, examinationRead MoreThe Birthmark Literary Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne is trying to communicate some important ideas about a variety of themes, he articulates a few weighty themes around this brief argument: the struggle between science and nature. In a story full of successful and almost magical scientific experiments, it is intact nature itself that is more powerful than any creation made by man. As is to be expected, this path to perfection also includes the creation of life and the victory over death. In the birthmark AylmerRead MoreThe Birthmark Literary Analysis914 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Birthmark†, a short story by Nathanial Hawthorne, the use of the archetypal conflict Nature vs. Science, the character of Damsel in Distress, and the symbol of the Incurable Wound show how easily beauty is overlooked in the endeavor for perfection. The archetypal conflict of Nature vs. Science is shown in Aylmer’s intention to remove the birthmark, nature’s constant reminder of human mortality, from Georgiana’s cheek. Aylmer believed that the birthmark might heighten Georgiana’s beautyRead More Analysis of The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Although â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in the mid-1800s, its themes and ideas are still a part of society today. The 19th century was a time of change, just as this, the millennium, is a time of great change. Hawthorne’s ideas about science, beauty, and life still play a major part in our lives, despite many improvements. Even today, people try to play â€Å"God† and change things that nature has put in place. It’s human curiosity;Read MoreAnalysis Of The Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1603 Words   |  7 PagesShadow of the Grim â€Å"The Birthmark,† a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, was published in 1843. The story is set around the last century and focuses on a â€Å"man of science† and his wife. The most prominent elements of the story are the inexhaustible use of foreshadowing, symbolism, and the irony of the relationship of Aylmer and Georgiana. â€Å"The Birthmark† is reminiscent of today’s science fiction genre, with mild religious undertones. Aylmer, the main protagonist, is a ‘Man of Science’ who isRead More Analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper, The Birthmark, and The Goose Girl2782 Words   |  12 Pages There have been various analysis based on these three stories and the characters involved: â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† â€Å"The Birthmark,† and â€Å"The Goose Girl†. This paper will focus on analysis based on figurative languages used either consciously or unconsciously, the passivity of the characters, motivations, rol e performed in the story, and the agendas used by the various authors. The point of this analysis is to show how various authors have used short stories to give the world a diverse messageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1651 Words   |  7 PagesHumans possess the desire to be perfect, which simply does not exist on earth and can only be achieved in dreams or in death and is explained in â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Despite wanting to be perfect, humans also desire the need to love and to be loved in return, which often leads to unhappy, bad, forceful relationships as expressed in â€Å"Living In Sin† by Adrienne Rich. Within our human lives we often desire to be labeled by who and what we are so we can know our place in this world;Read MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Birthmark 1262 Words   |  6 PagesEssay on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"The Birthmark† In his celebrated short story â€Å"The Birthmark†, Nathaniel Hawthorne introduces us to Aylmer, the main protagonist of the story, as a man of science and an eminent natural philosopher, who is married to the beautiful Georgina. Despite her exquisite beauty, Georgina had a small defect, present in her cheek in the form of a small red birthmark shaped like a tiny hand. â€Å"Many a desperate swain would have risked life for the privilege of pressingRead MoreEssay about Analysis of quot;The Birthmarkquot;963 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing perfect in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Birthmark. This short story is about a devoted scientist who marries a beautiful woman with a single physical flaw; a birthmark on her face. Aylmer becomes obsessed with the imperfection and needs to remove it, to be happy with his wife. The tale evolves around his progressive frenzy to use his scientific skills to render his bride perfect. Only imperfection is what nearsighted Aylmer sees in the birthmark on Georgianas cheek. But he is unfortunately

Exotic Pets Pros and Cons free essay sample

The panic and terror experienced by the monkeys, bears, lions and leopards that ran loose in Ohio earlier this week as they were chased and then killed by the police. Imagine the heartbreak of the police officers who were obliged to destroy the rambling menagerie. Officers are not trained to stalk big game and bring them in alive with tranquilizer darts. Related News Police Kill Dozens of Animals Freed on Ohio Reserve (October 20, 2011) Why was there no law regulating the animal collection of Terry Thompson, who freed his animals and then apparently killed himself? I’ve spent the last few years prowling America in search of people who share their lives with great apes, big cats and long snakes. Mr. Thompson is not unique. Monkeys seem particularly ubiquitous; a cursory online search can connect you with a purveyor. Exotic animal auctions are crowded with buyers, and the Captive Wild Animal Protection Coalition — which opposes the practice — estimates the number of exotic fanciers in the millions. We will write a custom essay sample on Exotic Pets Pros and Cons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Owners who bond with their pets as cubs or kittens, bottle-feed and cuddle them, often convince themselves that their relationship is special and their full-grown bear or cat will never turn on them. Yet it’s not just about cuteness and beauty; controlling an animal that arouses fear in other people can be appealing. That’s why those with egos that need feeding, from Kublai Khan to William Randolph Hearst to Mexican drug traffickers, are connected by the desire to stock their personal zoos. Most apes, cats, bears and other animals change when they reach adolescence. They become stronger, more aggressive and less predictable. But is their potential to cause trouble enough reason to regulate or prohibit keeping them as household pets? If we allow ourselves to keep dogs (which can be out of control and vicious), why not other animals like chimpanzees, even if they also might exhibit violent behavior? Champions of exotic pet ownership insist that their rights to enjoy the animals outweigh the risks. â€Å"This was not an animal getting out because of a failed cage,† Zuzana Kukol, an exotic-animal owner, told me when I checked in with her after the Ohio massacre. â€Å"The cage was fine. This was a deliberate act of terror. † I visited her and her partner, Scott Shoemaker, on their Nevada desert spread, far removed from their neighbors and home to Bam-Bam, their 500-plus pound lion, and an assortment of other cats. The two lobby against laws restricting animal ownership. Their isolated compound seems a rare example: well fenced, with animals rescued or bred in captivity, apparently healthy. It’s hard to imagine a better alternative for Bam-Bam and their other animals. Yet this week’s events in Ohio and other tragic cases prove that exotic animals present challenges. Nationwide, the laws on keeping wildlife as pets are a confusing patchwork. Enforcement of those that exist is haphazard, and penalties for violations are rarely severe. â€Å"Exotic† is a fluid term for pets, but we ought to be able to agree on a list of animals that historically do not cohabitate with humans and pose such a threat that they must be caged. Then it’s an easy step to come up with federal laws to protect the animals and their neighbors. It’s past time to regulate the wild beasts: us. Peter Laufer, a professor of journalism at the University of Oregon, is the author of the trilogy â€Å"The Dangerous World of Butterflies,† â€Å"Forbidden Creatures† and â€Å"No Animals Were Harmed. †

Fahrenheit 451 Essays (617 words) - Fahrenheit 451,

In the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the relationships and attitudes shared between the characters is far from what you would find in society in the real world, yet shows some disturbing similarities. Bradbury made sociological predictions in 1953; he predicted that the world would become a shallow and superficial place. In his world, everything meaningful has almost ceased to exist. There are no books, no deep conversations, and nobody seems to care. People have come to rely on technology and nonsensical information to live their lives. In the book the concepts of marriage and love have changed. ?He clarified it. ?The first time we ever met, where was it and when ? ?I don?t know? It doesn?t matter. In this quote, Montag wants to know how they met, but Mildred claims it doesn?t matter. It doesn?t matter to her how they got together in the first place. Throughout the story line, it shows that Montag and Mildred, the two people who are supposed to be closest, only know as much about each other as their friends do. In this predicted future, marriage has become like two mutual acquaintances that share the same house. They do not share the same bed nor do they have many common interests. The most they interact is when they watch the parlor walls. They are only together because they are, there is no real reason, and they do not love each other. Bradbury?s message is that while they may be married, they do not have an actual marriage where one person loves the other. In Bradbury?s future world, friendships and conversations have become superficial and meaningless. One girl, named Clarisse talked to Montag about what she realized. ?They name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming pools mostly and say how swell! But they all say the same things and nobody says anything different from anybody else.? What we would consider polite small talk in the real world has taken over the fictional world in the book. They talk about meaningless things, have meaningless friends, and still see nothing wrong with that. They purposefully made it that way too, if you don?t talk about anything, then nobody can disagree with what you say and everybody gets along. The problem? Someone always disagrees with something. The solution? They talk about nothing of importance, hence people only talking about cars, clothes, etc. But is it possible to have friends who know nothing about you and talk about nothing? Or vice versa? In Bradbury?s book he shows how people surround thems elves in strangers they call friends, bonding over parlor walls. Bradbury also made a prediction about family. For example, when Montag is sick, he wants Mildred to turn the parlor walls off, but Mildred won?t. Will you turn the parlor off he asked. ?That?s my family.? She answered.? This quote shows Mildred cares more about the parlor walls than her sick husband. The fact that Mildred considers the parlor walls her ?family? over those she is related to and knows, shows a startling similarity to the real world where families bond over the TV and would rather watch the TV than do anything else with their family. In Bradbury?s world, people would rather choose a fictional, technological family then their own flesh and blood. When Ray Bradbury wrote Fahrenheit 451, he showed us a society where marriage, friends and family are all perceived differently than in the real world. He shows a world where marriage is superficial, friendship is shallow, and family is fictional. He used exaggerations to show what he believed might happen if people are not mindful of relations.

Technological society Essays

Technological society Essays Technological society Essay Technological society Essay Critically assess the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling. Although the deskilling debate only started in 1974, when Harry Bravermans thesis, Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century was published, the causes for the argument had begun many years earlier, in the 1890s with the introduction of F. W Taylors ideas for reorganising work. Braverman (1920-1976) was a sheet metal worker, and a member of the American Communist party. It was his background in skilled trades that allowed him to analyse the changes that were taking place. As it was Braverman that first came up with the theory of deskilling, it is his definition that should be considered. His definition says that: skill represents the central asset possessed by workers, and that modern capitalist systems of work design, like Taylorism, degrade or deskill work, as a means of controlling and cheapening it. (Braverman, 1974). This Marxist analysis was a direct challenge to the long accepted views and implemented methods of Taylor. Braverman also argued that new technologies play a vital role in deskilling, and by working on new technologies workers build for themselves more modern, more scientific, more dehumanised prisons of labour. Taylor was an American engineer, who developed the idea of Scientific Management over 100 years ago. His principles of organising and controlling work recommended to managers that complex tasks needed to be split up into the maximum number of subtasks possible (Fincham Rhodes, 2005). There were other recommendations given by Taylor, namely the divorce of conception from execution. This told managers that All possible brainwork should be removed from the shop and centred in the planning or laying out department (Braverman 1974:113) It was this that Braverman heavily criticised, and so it must be looked at how the introduction of new technologies could cause this to happen. One of the best known and earliest examples of Taylorism in practice in the workplace is at General Motors plants at the start of the last century. By using Taylors methods, and introducing the assembly line, output increased from 8,700 in 1906 to 34,000 in 1911, 300,000 in 1914, rising to 1.9 million in 1923. (Tolliday Zeitlin, 1992) These massive increases in production came without the use of skilled labour, by 1914, over half the workforce were Southern and Eastern European immigrants, many of whom had no relevant experience, and spoke little or no English (Meyer, 1981). It would therefore seem like the introduction of new technology that caused the giant increases in output did not affect all workers in terms of deskilling, the majority of workers would probably have become more skilled due to their employment. However, labour turnover was at 370% and 71% of these workers left within their first week. These workers were probably most likely to be the unskilled immigrant workers that did not have the reliance on their wages that American workers had for their families. Therefore perhaps deskilling was less prominent than it would first seem due to the introduction of new technology and the assembly line. However, we must also consider why labour turnover was so high at Fords production plants in the early 1910s. Assembly line work is notoriously boring, partly due to the removal of creativity and craft from the workers, which much have been demoralising as these workers had initially been employed for having these qualities. Therefore, the high labour turnover experienced may have been due to workers leaving due to the deskilling that was evidently in existence, and them moving to other production industries that had not yet implemented new technologies. There are also recent examples of the introduction of new technologies into an organisation causing deskilling. In the field of law, in the past lawyers were expected to have a broad knowledge of the law, but today this is not possible due to the volume of legal material that is produced (Webb, 1996). Today, IT takes a much bigger role in a lawyers position, due to the changes in legal practice that have happened due to the technology that was not in existence 10 years ago. Due to the increase in IT, jobs that once required highly skilled employees can now be carried out by less qualified workers (Onwusah, 1997). So again we can see that deskilling has been caused due to the introduction of new technologies. It is important to consider the choice of new technology that is brought into an organisation to see whether it will lead to deskilling. As has been seen in the previous examples, the introduction of the assembly line in motor vehicle manufacturing and the introduction of IT into the practice of law and other professional industries, new technology has caused and created deskilling. However, in some circumstances deskilling would not be caused, but reskilling would occur. In order for new technology to be implemented in an organisation, employees need to have the skills in order to use the equipment. Through training, workers can learn new skills, which are more relevant in todays technological world. A clear example of reskilling can be seen in the field of design. In the past the drawing of plans was very time consuming and required great precision, if points were just 1mm wrong then the whole plan would have to be started again. Now, due to the introduction of Computer Aided Design (CAD) these workers have not only become reskilled, they can use their existing skills in addition to learning new techniques. Employees in this field still need their precision skills, for example when using graphics tablets, but will also gain skills in using the relevant software. This evidence would tend to suggest that the contention that the introduction of new technology into organisations leads to deskilling was incorrect, and that it would depend on what type of technology was introduced. If technology completely takes over a persons role in a company, or takes away the employees need to have particular skills then deskilling is likely to happen, on the other hand if the introduction of new technology can work alongside employees in order to assist and aid them in their work then reskilling is more likely to occur. The type of organisation that the new technology is to be brought into is also an important factor in deciding whether deskilling will be caused. As we have already seen, in the production of motor vehicles deskilling is caused by new technologies. This can also be seen in other secondary sector organisations, for example the textile industry. In the past everything would be sewn by hand, requiring much skill, whereas from the middle of the 19th century technology was introduced, reducing the need for skilled workers, and deskilling those already in the industry. However, if we look at tertiary sector organisations reskilling is probably more likely. In the medical profession, workers at all levels in an organisation are likely to have gained more skills due to the introduction of new technologies than becoming deskilled. At the lowest level, for example a receptionist in a GP surgery, records are now stored electronically as well as on paper, increasing the complexity of their work. Looking at a higher level, a GP still has to go through years of training to become fully qualified, and now also has to be computer literate, for example in order to produce prescriptions and use diagnostic software. In addition to this, developments in the technologies available to surgeons have meant that much more skilled operations can be carried out, which in turn has increased the skill requirements required to perform operations. On the other hand, if we look at another service occupation, the field of banking, obvious deskilling has taken place. A bank clerk was once a highly regarded profession, requiring years of training. However, today the banks have reduced their qualification requirements for recruits. This is due to the computer age, as all transactions can now be carried out electronically, removing the skills that were once required. It cannot therefore be said that the introduction of new technology will always lead to deskilling in an organisation, each individual situation would need to be looked at separately in order to decide upon this. As it has so far been difficult to quantify whether new technologies will lead to deskilling or not, it is helpful to look at and consider any research that has been carried out on this subject. Data from the Swedish Level of Living surveys that were carried out between 1968 and 1991 by a group at the Swedish Institute for Social Research is probably one of the most important tools available when looking at deskilling due to the introduction of new technology. The surveys had a sample size of around 3,000 people, who were in employment and of working age. The differences between classes of jobs is shown to be important when looking at whether deskilling takes place. This can be seen from the diagrams on the next page, produced using results from the survey. Diagrams from (Jonsson, 1998:614). As we can see from these charts, there is a mixture of deskilling and upskilling, which can be related to the social class of work. For both sets of data, the two social classes that have obviously been upskilled are W4, which is lower grade white collar workers, including typists and B2, which is unskilled manual workers, including assemblers and cleaners. This is also supported by other works, for example The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, which claims that blue collar work has been upgraded through automation and technical development (Bell, 1973). On the other hand if we take the class of W1, which is the upper service class, including engineers, employees opinions are that this field has been deskilled due to the introduction of new technology, supporting the contention. However, data is only available up to 1991, and if a survey were to be carried out today then I would expect due to the massive increase in information technology over the past 15 years that peoples opinions would have changed to that of upskilling. Bravermans thesis on deskilling suggested that due to the degradation of work from the introduction of new technology, employees became bored in their role. However, the Swedish research seems to oppose this, as can be seen from the table below: (Jonsson, 1998:613) Over the time period, for both men and women, the percentage of monotonous content in jobs has decreased, suggesting again that there has been a general upskilling of jobs, contesting Bravermans views. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that this is a general trend, and that some lower level white collar workers may experience deskilling, due to the impact that the introduction of new technologies has on their roles. Finally the idea that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation will inevitably lead to deskilling must be considered. Few things can ever be certain to happen, and from the evidence that we have seen, deskilling is probably unlikely to occur in todays ever expanding technological society. In conclusion, it would seem that the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling is incorrect, and each individual situation needs to be looked at in order to see if the contention can be proved, however it would appear as the world gains a greater reliance on technology, skills are not being decreased, but the type of skills required is changing.

Illegal Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Illegal Immigration - Essay Example Immigrations are good sometimes for the country but as every good thing has a bad trait; the immigration gets costly for the host country. Sometimes more disasters may cause due to these immigrants. In this piece of writing, discussions on illegal immigrations in different countries, its positive and negative effects will be through. It's the dream of every mankind to live better and give best to one's family. People immigrate from one family to other not only for change in their mood; making thing adventurous for themselves but also to find better land to live and better job to earn. Few of them move to stay with their families already settled in the other country. Few immigrants need the best education in their lives and few of them need the best environment for their families to groom in. Little of them are switching their own countries coz they are tied of country's culture and tradition. Few of them needs different good opportunities in life to grow economically more rapidly. Money really makes this world's mankind crazy to run and leave their loved ones. No doubt many countries offer immigrants a good guest of honor. They serve them if they are here with their families a nice discount on their schools, on their health care etc. similarly if they are employed there, its in some countries a rule to provide a nice income to the employee, more over a nice hand on employee kids expenditures. Medications, electricity charges, Grocery stocks and traveling are few more incentives immigrants get to have. Holidays from work, Different incentives while working really gives attraction to immigrate to a nice high standard countries. America is one of the biggest countries that receive the world's biggest amount of immigrants. People run for good jobs to other countries, leaving their home and family and moreover the fame and respect from the society to earn money. People leave their official respectable job and immigrate to work day and night having number of part time jobs. And for that even they are ready to sweep, serve on petrol pumps, and providing themselves in hotels and restaurants as waiters. Most of the poor people like to go in such countries for part time opportunities as soon as possible and though instead spending money or using their education they just went by using different resources and known to be as illegal immigrants. Immigration costs the country more as its spending less than its earning to its citizens. Few years back it was easy for every one to move from this country to that; and that country to this. But this was giving tough time to host countries, as they have to spend more for sometimes their guests and sometimes who are not citizens of the country but stayed for so long that they are good to be a citizen. These kinds of few reasons make country government set few rules to join their country. Now these rules are being checked on the immigrant and then the permission to be the guest is awarded. People not fulfilling these immigration requirements use illegal ways to enter the country. Crossing Country's borders by hiding here and there, from ports hiding in luggage, etc are few ways to be in the country without immigration. Moreover, people who come once through legal immigration stays long for work even after the expiration of their Visa limit; is also an illegal immigrant. These illegal immigrants not only uses country's goods and

Sales agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales agreement - Essay Example 15 important points are elaborated, in which it starts with the product limited warranty. Acer emphasizes that no defects in materials will disturbed and provided workmanship during the limited warranty period if reparation is needed due to certain options. Fortunately, buyers can have hardware technical support via on-line, telephone and other methods. Buyers should be careful to use their own software since it might have errors that have no relation to be assisted by Acer. For the on-site service, buyers should understand their locations, because there are regulations of distance and geographical areas from Acer. Point number 5 (five) of â€Å"Limitations and Exclusions† be carefully noticed; in this case, those are things that Acer is not responsible for such as damages caused by personal faulty, damages caused by combination made to the products with other non-Gateway branded products, and mice problem at buyer’s place. Next, buyers should be on time to make registr ation of their warranty within 30 days after the purchase. Assistance from buyers is needed when there are problems to repair, and Acer want them to keep the data on other devices when the reparation is about to be done.

Process Of Encoding And Decoding English Language Essay

Process Of Encoding And Decoding English Language Essay The main purpose of any classroom teaching in English is to improve the communicative abilities of the learners. To improve the communicative abilities, the classroom teaching has to be necessarily skill oriented. English language is widely used for communication purposes and so competence in language skills has become necessary to improve the communicative abilities specially listening, speaking, reading and writing (LSRW). Among these four skills, both listening and reading are called as receptive skills or passive skills and the other two skills, namely speaking and writing are called as productive skills or active skills. It is important to note that these skills are interconnected in order to achieve the overall objectives of communication. Every thing takes place and develops within the linguistic, cultural and social boundaries of the concerned society in which the particular language is spoken. It is the curriculum, syllabus; text book, teaching methodologies under the efficient functioning of the teacher in the classroom, those students are shaped in communicative competence. 2.4.1 Listening Skills Listening is the capacity to process information coming from an aural source. Such information is first filtered by the perceptual processes of the listener and absorbed into the short-term memory. Selected information is then stored into the long-term memory for retrieval at a later stage, if and when required. Listening is the first and foremost language mode that children acquire which provides the basis for the other language arts (Lundsteen, 1979). The activity of listening plays an important role in the process of acquiring/learning language whether it is first or second language. The linguistic items like phonemes, morphemes, lexical items, grammatical items, syntax and semantics are taught to listen in order to develop other modes of language viz; speaking, reading and writing. Listening is a conscious act. It is a complex, multi step process by which spoken language is converted into meaning in the mind (Lundsteen, 1979.1) Wolvin and Coakly (1985) have identified three steps in the process of listening which are receiving, attending and assigning meaning. In the first step, listeners receive the aural stimuli or the combined aural and visual stimuli presented by the speaker. In the second step, listeners focus on or attend to select stimuli while ignoring other distracting stimuli in the classroom. In the third step, listeners assign meaning to or understand the speakers message. The Process of Encoding and Decoding An act of communication requires encoder- the speaker and decoder- the listener. The speaker encodes the concept or message through a set of code. The listener decodes the concept or message from the set of code used by the speaker. That is, on the one hand, the act of encoding involves hearing the sounds into words, words into sentences, sentences into discourses. On the other hand, the act of decoding involves identifying the sounds, understanding the utterances and their meanings, and recognizing the prosodic features like tone, intonation, pitch, stress etc. used by the speaker. Listening comprehensive process Richards (1990) draws two way process of listening comprehension; top-down and bottom-up processing. In top-down processing, the listener gets an overall or general view of the text. This is facilitated in the listeners schemata allow him/her to have appropriate expectations of what he/she is going to come across. In bottom-up processing, on the other hand the listener focuses on individual words and phrases and achieves understanding by putting the detailed elements together to build up a whole (Harmer 2001). According to Harmer it is useful to see acts of listening texts as interactions between top-down and bottom-up processing. The Speaker-Listener Polarity For the effective exchange of information, both the speaker and the listener are expected to be equipped with the competence of the language which is used. That is, the same level of competence is expected from the listener and the speaker as well. Any short- coming in the linguistic competence of the listener or the speaker would affect the communication. So, both the polarities should be more or less equally equipped with the linguistic competence of that language for effective and efficient communication. Types of Listening Cralvin (1985) (as cited by Chidambaram, (2005) has identified eight categories of listening with due general purpose. Translational listening-learning new information (speeches, debates, political conventions). International listening-recognizing personal component of message (new pieces of speech, report). Critical listening- evaluating reasoning and evidence (news broadcast). Recreational listening- approaching random or integrated aspects or event. Listening for appreciation- information, making critical discriminations or selection. Selective listening- Selecting certain features at a time (phonetic features) Intensive listening- for details (vocabulary, grammar) Extensive listening- (general idea stories, rhymes, songs). Relationship between Speaking and Listening Speaking and listening are interdependent processes. The activity of speaking requires at least a listener, an individual or an audience. The speaker speaks keeping certain objectives in his or her mind. That is, speaking involves conveying meaning using a code and listening involves understanding the meaning with the help of code the speaker used. If it is a transaction, one way listening, the speaker does not receive feedback, but if it is interaction, two- way listening the speaker receives feedback for the listener. In transactional or conversational discourse, sending-receiving and receiving-sending are alternative phenomena. Purpose of Listening While listening to various texts, one applies different skills to process the text, depending on the purposes for which one is listening. Listening is the only medium through which one access the sounds of a language and all the supra segmental features of the language, such as tone, pitch, stress, pause, etc. Hence, listening is a pre-requisite for speaking and at a later stage, for reading. Without knowing how a language sounds, one cannot engage confidently in speaking in the language, and without knowing how the sound patterns of the language function, reading its graphics serves little purpose. Teaching discriminative listening helps the learner to comprehend the language. Listening can be a major source of pleasure and relaxation. Listening to the sounds in nature can be very soothing. Listening to someone reading stories aloud or poem is a pleasurable activity. Listening is also an important social skill. People listen to allow a speaker to talk through a problem. Children, as well as adults, serve as a systematic listener for friends and family members. Sub-Skills of Listening Each skill of language comprises a large number of sub skills, whose value and relevance vary from one situation to another. Rosts (1990) has distinguished two kinds of clusters of micro skills of listening. Enabling skills (those employed in order to perceive what the speaker is saying and to interpret what they intended to mean) and Enacting skills (those employed to respond appropriately to the message). Enabling Skills Perception Recognizing prominence within utterances, including: Discriminating sounds in words, especially phonemic contrasts. Discriminating strong and weak forms, phonetic change at word boundaries. Identifying use of stress and pitch (information units, emphasis, etc). Interpretation Formulating content sense of utterance, including: Deducing the meaning of unfamiliar words. Inferring implicit information. Inferring links between propositions. Enacting Skills Making an appropriate response including: Transcoding information into written form. Identifying which points need classification. Integrating information with other sources. Providing appropriate feedback to the speaker (Adapted from Rost, 1990. 152 153). (As cited by Chidambaram, 2005). Difficult Factors in Listening There are five major factors that researchers believe affect listening comprehension. Text characteristics (Variation in a listening passage / text or associated visual support. Interlocutor characteristics (Variation in the speakers personal characteristics. Task Characteristics (Variation in the purpose for listening and associated response). Listener Characteristics (Variation in the listeners cognitive activities and in the nature of the interaction between speaker and listener). Teaching Listening Comprehension Listening comprehension involves a number of language skills, though the listening may be the specific focus. Teaching listening can be categorized into two modes. The first one is teaching linguistic nuances like phonemic variations, discrimination of similar sounds in words, recognizing word boundaries, recognizing morphemes, distinguishing grammatical and lexical items in a sentence, etc. The second one is teaching how to listen to a context, how to deduce meaning for an unfamiliar word, how to recognize them over a discourse. These two modes are important and inseparable for teaching of listening comprehension. If any shortcoming is found in teaching of either of this mode, its consequences will be seen in other skills of language. Testing listening skills Listening tasks should aim at helping students arrive at the meaning of words and provoking an examination of the given material. The test items include: Dialogue, news, railway announcement, sentence, words, word pairs, numbers, telephone numbers, years, days were used to test listening comprehension of the students understudy. These test items aim at evaluating the ability and skills of listening such as: predicting text based on information, deducing meaning of unfamiliar words, recognizing prominence with in utterance including: Discriminating sounds in words especially phonemic contrasts, phonetic changes, deducing the meaning of unfamiliar words, recognizing grammatical errors in sentences, recognizing word boundaries, etc,. Conclusion Here, the emphasis is on the importance of addressing the differences between spoken and written texts in the teaching of listening skills. It is only when learners are aware of the unique characteristics of authentic listening input that they can be equipped with the skills to handle real life communication. 2.4.2 Speaking Skills Language is the basic form of communication between human beings and in a society. As human beings, they always need communication to express their ideas to do everything; whats more as students or learners they have to speak to express their ideas to their teacher as long as learning process takes place. Speech is the first and foremost form of communication. It occupies a predominant position in enlightening the minds of the people. Information is understood and processed easily through speech rather than writing. Speech is biologically endowed behaviour of human beings. Spoken language has wider range of functions to perform than the written language. They start from casual spontaneous conversations ending with formal speeches and so on. Written language tends to serve rather specialized functions at the formal level. In the process of learning spoken mode of second language, learner encounters difficulties because of inter and intra-lingual factors, language shock, cultural shock and so on. However, difficulties and problems are inevitable in the process of learning spoken or written mode of the L2. Process of Communication Communication is a process of exchanging verbal and non-verbal messages. It is continuous process. This process can be termed as human communication or oral communication. The activities of the communication maintain eco-balance, co-operation, and tolerance and bring the people in a common line. The complete communication process is the hierarchical arrangement of the various components of communication. They are as follows: Intended message Encoder Signals Decoder The received message Feedback Message is the key idea that the sender wants to communicate. Messages can be abstract ideas and feelings of speaker who wishes to communicate. Encoder is a person who sends the message in the form of words and gestures. Signal is a means used to exchange or transmit the message in the form of the mechanical impulse. Channel is the medium through which a signal travels. Decoder is a person for whom the message is intended/aimed. Decoder receives communication signals into meaning and ideas. Received message is the result of decoding communication signals. Feedback helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation of message by the decoder. Psychologically speaking after receiving the message, the nervous system of the receiver is activated and subsequently interpreted and appropriate meanings are assigned to the received codes to make the communication process complete. Communicative Competence The term communicative competence is coined by the anthropological linguist Dell Hymes (1967, 1972). Light (1997. 63 ) has described communicative competence as Being able to meet the changing demands and to fulfill ones communication goals across the life span. Communicative competence is the ability to send messages which promote attainment of goals while maintaining social acceptability. The term all modes of communication'(Hymes, 1962) can further be explained as the language competence that has total comprehension, and total verbal exposition in all modes of society, which includes group interactions inter-personal interaction involving different dialectal areas. As it is evident from the above, one thinks of two different types of competence, namely grammatical competence and communicative competence. Grammatical competence is the ability to recognize and to produce distinctive grammatical structures of a language and to use them effectively in communication. Whereas, the communicative competence can be achieved by exposing oneself both to the structure of the language as well as the social behaviour which pivots around certain conventional rules as put forth by the society. Teaching/Learning Speaking Effective communication depends on ones ability to express oneself in speech clearly, accurately and fluently. The development of spoken language involves the development of pragmatic usage in addition to the development of pronunciation, constructing words, phrases, sentences and discourses. Discourse in learning of second language plays a vital role. The stages of learning the speaking skills of L2 are same as learning of speaking L1. The problems encountered by the learners in the process of learning subtle, and detailed knowledge, show the gradual development of spoken language. The purpose of learning the second language fulfills when the learners use language with the real people for real purpose. Communication Strategy Zheng (2004) suggests that communication strategies are feasible and to some extent inevitable for language learners to use in their oral communication. These strategies can enhance language learners confidence, flexibility and effectiveness in oral communication. Tarone (1980. 420; 1983.65) defines communication strategies as a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures do not seem to be shared. In addition, Canale (1983) and Bygate (2000) argue that communication strategies are used not only to cope with any language related problems of which the speaker is aware during the course of communication, but also to enhance the effectiveness of communication even if there is no problem or difficulty involved in an oral communication. Thus, it can be said that communication strategies are commonly used not only to bridge the gaps between the linguistic and sociolinguistic knowledge of the second language learners and those of the interlocutors in any communication situation but also to keep their talk flowing within their available linguistic knowledge, and eventually manage their oral communication. And also the learners adopt the strategies wherever they encounter problems at all the levels of language like phonological, morphological, syntactical and discourse. Cook (2001) says communication strategy of L2 learners will enhance the learning; and the learners strategy indicates that the learners are encountering the linguistic problems in the process of learning. The learners knowingly or unknowingly use the intra and inter lingual strategies to convey their message to others. By using the strategy they get satisfaction, assuring that they have conveyed the meaning completely to the questions by the researcher. Learning Strategy Learning strategies are defined by Oxford and Crookall as Steps taken by the learners to aid the acquisition, storage and retrieval of information (404). Strategic competence is the way learners manipulate language in order to meet communicative goals (Brown, 1994, 228). It is the ability to compensate for imperfect knowledge of linguistic, sociolinguistic, and discourse rules (Berns, 1990). With reference to speaking, strategic competence refers to the ability to know when and how to take the floor, how to keep a conversation going, how to terminate the conversation, and how to clear up communication breakdown as well as comprehension problems. The strategy of learning differs from learner to learner. However Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²malley and Chamot (1990) have defined three types of strategy used by L2 students: Meta cognitive strategies which involve planning and thinking about learning, such as planning ones learning, monitoring ones own speech or writing and evaluating how well one has done. Cognitive strategies which involve conscious ways of tackling learning, such as note taking, resourcing (using dictionaries and other resources) and elaboration (relating new information to old). Social strategies mean learning by interacting with others. Such as working with fellow students or asking the teachers help. Strategy process Language processing involves the retrieval of words and phrases from memory and their assembly into syntactically and propositionally appropriate sequences. Effective speakers need to be able to process language in their heads and put in coherent order so that it comes out in forms that are comprehensible and convey intended meaning. Process being used with reference to the systematic series of steps by which the learner arrives at the same usage overtime. Bialy Stock (1978) distinguishes process from strategies by the criteria obligatory/optional. Similar criteria are used by Fravefelder and Porqurer (1979) who classify process as universal, strategies as optional mechanism employed by individual L2 learners. Other researchers also defined process as continuing development involving a number of changes. Testing Speaking In second language research, a great deal of attention has been paid to related area of communicative behaviour. So, this part of the chapter concentrates on communication strategies of the L2 learners. Here, it is a tactic followed by the learners to conceal a gap in their communication. Hence, it is a test given to identify when and how the learners make use of such strategies in speech.

Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome Essay

Introduction This study briefly reviews complex trauma and discusses how it manifests in adolescents with a history of childhood abuse and neglect. A history of childhood abuse and neglect often leads to long-term emotional, behavioral and physical dysregulation that do not always fit the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This has led to the proposal of a separate but related diagnosis termed Developmental Trauma Disorder (Cook, Blaustein, Spinazzola & van der Kolk, 2003; van der Kolk, 2005; Najjar, Weller, Weisbrot & Weller, 2008). This diagnosis is based on an assessment of the literature on complex trauma and its long-term mental and physical health consequences. In this study, we will review the following: 1) the scope of complex trauma in terms of its general impact on individuals and society; 2) a description of the phenomenology of complex trauma; 3) the develop mental impact of complex trauma on adolescents; and 4) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complex trauma in adolescents. Complex trauma refers to both the exposures and the developmental impact of long-term exposure to traumatic events during childhood and adolescence. Traumatic exposures are commonly of an interpersonal nature, including childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect. Traumatic exposures can also include repeated surgical procedures, chemotherapy or other adverse events during childhood. Complex trauma has a significant developmental impact across the life-span. In a large epidemiological survey, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, of more than 17,000 adults from the general popula... ...icine, 14, 245-258. Gabowitz, D., Zucker, M., & Cook, A. (2008) Neuropsychological assessment in clinical Evaluation of children and adolescents with complex trauma. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 1, 163-178. Najjar, F., Weller, R.A. Weisbrot, J., & Weller, E. B. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 40, 104-108. Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner Review: The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 227-280. Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Times, 35, 401-408. Weiss, D., S. (2004). The Impact of Events Scale – Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford.

Essay Othello Versus O

Othello vs. O (The main differences between the play and Movie) Although the movie â€Å"O† is a production based on Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, several differences exist between the two such as women’s social status, Iago’s personality change, and the type of language employed by the characters. Desi plays a strong woman who won't let any man put her down.She stands up to Odin several times during the movie, showing that twentieth century women have higher status in society than they did in Shakespeare's time. In the movie, Desi assertively says, â€Å"If you want to be with me don’t ever talk like that to me again, ever! † Desdemona seems much more compliant to her husband's demands, even when she knows that she is going to die. Rather than run, she goes to her bedchamber and gets ready for bed, perhaps suspecting that it will be her last night alive.At the beginning of the play she declares just how loyal she is to Othello by sayi ng â€Å"to you [father], I am bound for life and education; I am hitherto your daughter: but here's my husband, and so much duty as my mother showed to you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my Lord†(Hall,). Desdemona knows her place in society and that is that she should be loyal to her husband or else she has been an unworthy wife. Iago’s character changes drastically in the movie compared to Shakespeare’s play.He would be considered the perfect villain in the play. He never seems to get fazed when he destroys Othello and Desdemona's relationship, when he makes Othello go crazy or when he kills Rodrigo: â€Å" My medicine, work! Thus credulous fools are caught†(Hall, 124). There are two major motives that drive Iago to destroy Othello’s life. The first being his hatred for Othello for not promoting him. His second motive is his desire for importance in society and Othello is a human being th at is blocking his pathway to glory. His character in â€Å"O†, Hugo, is a little bit different. He is trying to†¦

Timeline of American Neutrality and Intervention World War...

US Neutrality and Intervention Timeline Aug 4th 1914: Wilson declared US neutrality. Aug 19th 1914: Declaration delivered before US Senate by Wilson; The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try mens souls. Nov 1914: Following the establishment of a naval blockade of Germany at the outbreak of war, Britain declared the North Sea to be a War Zone, with any ships entering the North Sea doing so at their own risk Jan 22nd 1915: Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Sir Edward Grey What I believe to be the cause of justice and morality There have been fluctuations in American opinion about the war. The actions of the German Zeppelins have revived the feeling in favor of the†¦show more content†¦Colonel House expressed an opinion decidedly favourable to the restoration of Belgium, the transfer of Alsace and Lorraine to France, and the acquisition by Russia of an outlet to the sea..the loss of territory incurred by Germany in one place would have to be compensated to her by concessions to her in other places outside Europe. If the Allies delayed accepting the offer of President Wilson, and if, later on, the course of the war was so unfavourable to them that the intervention of the United States would not be effective, the United States would probably disinterest themselves in Europe and look to their own protection in their own way. March 24th 1916: British liner Sussex torpedoed. This event prompted Wilson to declare that if Germany were to continue this practice, the United States would break diplomatic relations. Wilson also received letter from Page saying that the British ambassador increasingly saw the United States as of no use as a peacemaker because we do not even keep our own pledge, made of our own volition. May 4th 1916: Fearing the entry of the United States into war, Germany attempted to appease them by issuing the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in Germany’s naval warfare policy; passenger ships would not be targeted, merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established and would not be sunk without provision for the safety ofShow MoreRelatedTimelines of the Great War and Russian Revolution Worksheet Essay2404 Words   |  10 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Timelines of The Great War and Russian Revolution Worksheet Directions: For each of the four timelines that follow (1914, 1915, 1917, and 1918–1919), complete the timeline replacing the words â€Å"[Paste description here]† with the text of the correct description from the table beneath it. 1914 Timeline |JUNE 28, |THE EVENT THAT TRIGGERED WORLD WAR I | |1914 Read MoreDemocracy in Iran and Turkey Essays2319 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween the Evolution of Democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to the Present. 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The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalness and plurality of opinion from the audience. This is a book that will become a

AP Spanish Language Scores Learn What Colleges Require

Most colleges and universities have a foreign language requirement, and a high score on the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam will sometimes fulfill that requirement. Successful completion of an Advanced Placement Spanish Language class is also a strong credential for demonstrating your language proficiency during the admissions process. About the AP Spanish Language and Culture Exam The AP Spanish Language and Culture exam takes just over three hours to complete. The test has listening, reading, and writing components. Section I of the exam is made up of 65 multiple choice questions and counts for 50% of the total exam score. This section has two parts: Part A ask students to answer questions related to Spanish language sources drawn from literature, ads, maps, tables, letters, and newspapers.Part B of the exam focuses on a combination of listening and reading. Students will answer questions after listening to audio texts drawn from sources such as interviews, podcasts and conversations. Section II of the exam focuses on writing. Students must perform four tasks: Task 1 asks students to read and respond to an email message.For Task 2, students write a persuasive essay that integrates three source documents (an article, a table or graphic, and an audio text).Task 3 requires students to preview a conversation and then answer five questions related to the conversation.The final task involves presentation speaking in which students compare cultural features of their own community with those found in an area of the Spanish-speaking world. To learn more specific information about the AP Spanish Language exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website. AP Spanish Language and Culture Score Information In 2018, over 180,435 students took the exam and those test-takers earned a mean score of 3.69. AP exams are scored using a 5-point scale. The distribution of scores for the AP Spanish Language exam is as follows: AP Spanish Language Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 42,708 23.7 4 62,658 34.7 3 53,985 29.9 2 18,597 10.3 1 2,487 1.4 Note that these scores represent the total group of students who took the exam, including students who studied outside of the U.S. and may be regular speakers of Spanish. For the standard group of test-takers (those from the U.S. who learned Spanish in U.S. schools), the mean score was a 3.45, and a smaller percentage of students received a 4 or 5. College Credit and Course Placement for AP Spanish Most colleges and universities that have a liberal arts and sciences core curriculum will have a foreign language requirement, and Spanish is the most popular option among U.S. students.   The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Spanish Language exam. For colleges not listed below and to get the most up-to-date placement data, youll need to search the schools website or contact the appropriate Registrars office. You can see that nearly all colleges provide college credit for a high score on the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam. Placement, however, varies significantly. At UCLA, a score of 3 or higher fulfills a students foreign language requirement. Highly selective schools like MIT, Yale, and Grinnell, however, do not award any course placement based on AP Spanish exam scores.   AP Spanish Language Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; no placement LSU 3, 4 or 5 SPAN 1101 and 1102 (8 credits) for a 3; SPAN 1101, 1102, and 2101 (11 credits) for a 4; SPAN 1101, 1102, 2101, and 2102 (14 credits) for a 5 MIT 5 9 general elective credits; no placement Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 FLS 1113, 1123, 2133 (9 credits) for a 3; FLS 1113,1123, 2133, 2143 (12 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Spanish 10101 (3 credits) for a 1; Spanish 10101 and 10102 (6 credits) for a 2; Spanish 10102 and 20201 (6 credits) for a 3; Spanish 20201 and 20202 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit Stanford University 5 10 quarter units; placement exam required if continuing in Spanish Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II (6 credits) for a 3; SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II, and SPAN 201 Intermediate Spanish I (9 credits) for a 4; SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II and SPAN 201 Intermediate Spanish I and II (12 credits) for a 5 UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits; language requirement fulfilled Yale University 4 or 5 2 credits A Final Word About AP Spanish Language and Culture Whatever score you get on the exam, and whether or not you earn college course credit, the AP Spanish exam can help on the college admissions front. Colleges want to see that applicants have taken the most challenging courses available to them, and AP classes play on important role on that front. Also, completion of an Advanced Placement language class typically means that you have exceeded the minimal foreign language requirement for admission. This shows that you have pushed yourself to learn more than is required of you, a fact that will be a plus when applying to college. Finally, realize that AP exam scores, unlike the SAT and ACT, are typically self reported and are not a required part of a college application. If you scored a 1 or 2 on the exam, you can simply choose to not report your score on your college application.

Immigration And The United States Essay - 1951 Words

Immigration as a whole is not the problem of focus but instead it is the system that is in place to regulate immigration and prevent the negative aspects of immigration influencing the United States. The Obama Administration recognizes the system is broken and knows it is a big deal for the country not only are we aware of the situation but there are things we would like to put into action in order to fix the system, sooner rather than later. The Obama Administration would like to do things such as place focus on deporting felons and not hardworking families and ensuring that those who do immigrate to the United States do their fair share within the country. We believe the United States citizens are not losing their jobs solely because of the immigration but because of the illegal immigration and undocumented workers who are employed largely because they are exploited and will work for much lower wages. We see this as hazardous to our economy. The Obama administration has taken execu tive actions in order to try and fix the system however powers are still limited and it is ultimately up to congress on whether these such actions can be executed successfully. Such actions would include tackling immigration at it source , the border, and strengthening security, earned citizenship, streamlining immigration, and using immigration to grow our economy. As stated before the Obama Administration unlike some others arguments recognize the benefits of immigration to the United StatesShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of th e population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. Opening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinionRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesA native of Mexico, Gonzalez came to the United States using a visa, to visit family members and in 1994, police convicted Gonzalez of the abduction and rape of a Waukegan, Illinois woman. During his conviction his attorney, Vanessa Potkin, addressed that at twenty years old, Gonzalez spoke very little English, had no criminal record, and yet the police wanted to pin the crime on him. Twenty years later, DNA from the crime cleared him of both charges, and Gonzalez is now threatened with deportationRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and European to settle in the New World. Since the colonial era, America has seen a wave of immigrants migrate in search of freedom and equality. Is this the same immigration today? Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

Analysis of Toy Cars for Heavy Metal Content free essay sample

Two different digestion methods were followed, and both confirmed the presence of Baa and Fee, although the concentrations obtained by each teeth differed: higher values m/m% was obtained for all samples digested by HCI than for samples digested by acetic acid. Trace amounts of many natural occurring chemical elements such as sodium, magnesium and iron are needed for the proper functioning of the human body . However, there are also elements which are toxic to the human body such as mercury, lead, thallium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, selenium and barium.These metals are part of a loosely defined group known as heavy metals. The toxicity of most heavy metals are caused by the fact that they accumulate In the body over time, and interfere with biological castles, for example mercury, which Irreversibly Inhibits enzyme activity, and lead, which also inhibits enzyme activity and interferes with neurotransmitters, causing a wide range of side effects, some of which are life threatening. These heavy metals are used in many industrial manufacturing applications which include the manufacturing of pesticides, batteries, alloys, electroplated metal parts, textile dyes, and of particular importance for this study, plants. According to studies In the USA, It appears that paints are the leading cause of lead poisoning amongst children, and in particular, the paint found on toys. In an attempt to ensure the safety of toys, certain international regulations have been formulated. ASTM F-963 is a set of regulations that cover many different safety aspects related to toys, including their heavy metal content.ASTM F-963 prescribes deferent digestion methods for different toys, all of them aimed at imitating the human digestive system, to determine how much of a certain element For paints the ASTM F-963 does not recommend total digestions of the toy, but rather crapping off the paint, as the surface of a toy is the part most likely to be digested by the human stomach. 5 Various te chniques and instruments can be used to analyses the digested and prepared samples, the different choices mostly dependent on the concentration range, and the elements being tested for.For this study the analysis method of choice was ICP-GOES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. This type of spectroscopy uses an inductively coupled plasma to excite atoms and ions to emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths unique to reticular elements. The intensity of the emission can be correlated to the concentration of the specific element within a sample. One of the advantages of ICP- GOES is that it is not only able to detect specific elements quantitatively, but it is also capable of performing multi-elemental qualitative scans.This is extremely convenient when determining in advance whether it will be worthwhile to analyses quantitatively for a specific element. ICP-GOES can also detect more than 70 elements, making it very versatile. 7 However, it does have a few disadvantages. It doesnt have ere low detection limits, with its dynamic range being a high pimp range. This Instrument is also very expensive, and the argon used for the plasma, is also a rather expensive inert gas. Furthermore this instrument does not allow the detection of Isotopes, but fortunately this is of very little importance for this specific study. EXPERIMENTAL 1.Preparation of standards Standards were prepared for calibration curves for detection of Baa and Fee. Baa(NON)2 Nas used to prepare a 5 pimp Baa stock solution, from which 2 pimp, 1 pimp, 0. 5 pimp, J. Pimp, 0. 1 pimp and 0. 005 pimp solutions were made up by dilution. Fesses. OH Nas used to prepare a 5 pimp Fee stock solution, from which 2 pimp, 1 pimp, 0. 5 pimp, 3. 1 pimp, 0. 05 pimp and 0. 02 pimp solutions were made up by dilution. The solutions Newer measured by ICP-GOES. 2. Sample preparation Paint was scraped down from yellow and from black toy cars. The yellow batch was mixed to homogeneities it, as was the black batch. 3.Sample digestion according to method 1 5 paint sample of yellow paint (z 100 MGM) and 5 samples of black paint (z 100 MGM) Newer weighed out. To each sample was added acetic acid (10 ml, 4%). The samples Newer left to stand for 24 hours in darkness. The samples were then filtered, and the extractions diluted to 50 ml. All the samples were measured by ICP-GOES. 4. Sample digestion according to method 2 Newer weighed out. To each sample was added HCI (5 ml, 0. 1 M). The HCI containing samples were heated in a water bath at 37 co in darkness for 1 hour, with agitation. Irish was followed by 1 hour in the water bath in darkness without agitation.The samples were the filtered and the extractions diluted to 50 ml. All the samples were measured by ICP-GOES. All analysis was done on a SIPS-7510 Shimmied instrument. 1. Qualitative broad scan Before starting quantitative analysis, a qualitative elemental broad scan was performed to see what metals were present in sufficient quantities to merit analysis. AAA was the only discovered heavy metal, along with Fee and Ca. The decision was made not to analyses for Ca, as it is present in all water sources, and the ICP-GOES almost always gives false concentration values for Ca.It was then decided to analyses only for Baa and Fee. 2. Barium A calibration curve was drawn from the intensities measured for the series of prepared standard solutions, giving a linear trend line y = 8. Xx 0. 4183, RE = 3. 995, where y = intensity, and x = concentration. After measuring the standards, all the prepared samples were measured and from the calibration curve the concentration of Baa in both the yellow and black paint, prepared by different digestion methods, could be determined. Table 1 gives the summarized data obtained from the measurements.

The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity

Introduction Project Overview This project charter discusses the development of a project to generate electricity. The electricity will be harnessed from the wastes generated by the sugar cane after the milling and extraction of the sugar juice. These wastes are combusted and used to generate electricity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main element of the project includes project planning, inception, execution, completion and commissioning of the project (American National Standards, 2004; Project Management Institute, 2013). This work entails the development of a project charter for this project. Project Purpose The purpose of this project is to provide pertinent details with regard to the installation of power plants that utilize sugarcane wastes to generate electricity. The plant is being set up so as to minimize wastes gener ated by the sugar mills (Morris, 2010). Scope Statement In this project, a 200 MW power generation plant will be installed at the sugar company. The plant will be operated using waste sugarcane. The project will be installed in the sugar processing plants. All the details of the project are summarized in this project charter and will not be altered without prior information and consent for all the stakeholders (Burke, 2010). Project Objectives and goals The main project objective is the development and installation of a power plant that uses sugarcane wastes for generations of electricity. The specific objectives for this project are: To carry out a feasibility study on the use of sugar mill wastes for power generation. This will entail evaluations on the possibilities of generating electricity using these wastes as well as quantification of the amount of energy that can be generated by the plant. The feasibility study will also identify the equipment to be used for this project To develop a project charter and project management plan detailing all the requirements for the project, their timelines and costs. To execute the project within the specified time and financial constrains. The execution of the project will entail the installation, testing and commissioning of all the equipments. Project Stakeholders The project stakeholder is a list of all the people that are involved in the project as well as those affected by the project (Maylor, 2001). They include both external and internal stakeholders (Morris, 2010). The main project stakeholders for this project include: Project manager –He is in charge of the project Project team members-they are in charge in implementation of the project Sugar mill management- they are the project sponsors and will provide all the financial support Employee- these are the employees of the sugar mill Transmission Company – will distribute the electricity Local residents – they reside in the area where t he plant will be installed, they are affected by the project Project Deliverables Project deliverables can be regarded as the outputs of the project. For this project, the main deliverables include:Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conducting a feasibility study so as to indentify the main equipments, their size and other parameters and variables related to the project The development of a project charter The development of a project management plan for the installation of the power plant (Knutson, 2004) The installation of the power plant using wastes sugarcane for power generation Project Milestones The project milestones are the main achievements in the project (William, 2005). These milestones are usually important steps achieved during the implementation of the project. Milestone name Milestone description Feasibility study A feasibility study will be carried out so as to establish the financial viability of the project. The main achievements of this feasibility study are To assess the amount of energy that can be generated To determine the space and other site conditions To establish communication and teamwork among all the major partners Project inception This entails the initial activities that will be carried out at the start of the project. These include Development of project charter Development of a scope statement Team selection Formulation of the project plan This will entail the development of the project management plan Selection of the project team members All the team members for the project will be selected. These include: team members, project managers, the project leader and other specialists. Design and configuration of the plant The plant will be designed such that all the equipments and other components are effectively positioned in the right place and all the materials required are identified. Selection of plant The main equipments and machinery will be selected and their specifications examined. This will ensure that the procurement process will be effective and efficient. Some of the main equipments to be purchased include: Boiler- will be used to generate steam. The wastes sugarcane will be feed to the boiler for the purpose of steam generation Heat exchanger – used for cooling Water pump –circulating the steam Turbine – steam is expanded in the turbine producing a rotational motion AC generators- this will be rotated by the turbine and used to generate electricity Wires – connection Power control modules – will be used to control the whole equipment Purchasing of the materials All the materials will be purchased as per the procurement management plan and with regard to the time schedule. Installation The equipments will be installed based on the design specifications and the project schedule developed using project management software . Testing Various machineries such as boilers, turbines and generators will be tested during the installation process. The complete test runs will be run after the installation and any improvements made Training The sugarcane workers, management staff and specialist in power generation will be trained on how to handle and maintain the plant. Commissioning The project will be commissioned and handled over to the sponsor Project completion The project will be wound up. All the machines used ion installation will be handed over to the sugar company. All the financial accounts will be settled upon completion. Projects Constrains Financial constraints.This project has a Budget of 50 million$ and no supplementary budgets or other financial sources included; therefore it is imperative to make proper planning to avoid overspending (Lewis, 2002). Time constraint: the project will be completed within a period of 2 years. This will require proper time management and planning to avoi d extensions and delays which have financial implications. Labor constraint: Availability of manual and skilled labor from the surrounding area may be a challenge. Project Schedule A project schedule indicates the major project milestones, their completion dates, the resources involved and acceptance criteria (Kloppenborg, 2011). Milestone Name Completion date Stakeholders involved Acceptance criteria Project start date September 1st2013 Sugar company managers, project managers, employees and power distribution company Ensure that all the project stakeholders are informed of the project and the comments taken to account Selection of the project team members and coordinators September 10th2013 Project team managers, sponsors and other company managers -Ensure that project team members are well selected -Ensure that all specialists are hired Feasibility study October 30th2013 Project managers, distribution company, power/ electricity specialists and plant technicians Ensure t hat all power plant aspects such as plant size, plant power capacity and other parameters are evaluated Formulation of the project plan November 30th2013 Project managers and project team members Ensure that a detailed Project management plan is developed. all sections must be incorporated Design and configuration of the plant December 20th2013 Project managers, project team members and specialists Ensure that the plant layout and design are completed to the required standards Selection of plant equipments February 15th2013 Specialists in electrical power generations, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that the correct equipment are selected Ensure that the equipments are compatible with each other Purchasing of the materials June 20th2014 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians -Ensure that the procurement process is followed strictly such that high quality and affordable equipment are purchased. -E nsure all equipments are delivered on time. Installation February 25th2015 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure all the machines are properly installed as per the design layout Testing April 20th2015 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that all the equipments are working as per the specifications Training August 1st2015 Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that engineers and plant technicians are trained on the new equipment. Commissioning August 30th2015 All stakeholders Hand over the plant to the sponsors Project completion August 30th2015 All stakeholders Finalize all the works Project Risks Financial risk: These may arise due to unforeseen circumstances such as changes in the prices of materials to be used in construction, or changes in the design. They will be overcome by introducing a supplementary budget if needed (Westland, 2007). Faulty equipment: Equipment failure during the construction phase poses a risk to the implementation of the project. This is because of time consumed in repairs and unnecessary work delays (NTG, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Safety Risks: Occurrence of accidents during construction phase is a risk to the workers. Materials procurement risks: Delayed delivery of equipments poses risk of delay in project implementation phases. Items sourced by importation require early planning to avoid delays (Project Management Docs, 2012). Availability of skilled labor and appropriate technology: The scale of project requires advanced technology as well as highly qualified engineers who may not be available in the country (Zhang, 2011). Change Management The proc ess of Change management will be done In accordance with the change management standards. (Burke, 2010) Develop a change log to track all changes occurring in the project cycle. A change order form will be used to record all changes. Assessment of changes must be done to determine impact cost and effect on time of completion. All changes must be reviewed by the project managers and the directors to enable them approve extra funding of the project. The changes must be acceptable to the owner.Changes not approved by the owner will not be implemented (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2007). Changes affecting the project schedule must be updated on the schedule and on the budget to reflect the effects. Financial Management All financial obligations are borne by the directors of the organization. The managing director has the right to alter the money allocated to the project during the periodic reviews (Project management institute, 2012). Financial management will be handled under three key areas.these are capital budgeting, cost management and cost measurement. Capital Budgeting There are various ways in which capital budgeting can be carried out. This includes cost/benefit analysis, internal rate of return and net present value assessment. A sensitivity analysis will also be carried out (Project Management Professional, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the cost benefit analysis the long run cost of the project is assessed against the potential returns.it will also be assessed by the net present value method and the internal rate of return. (IRR).This analysis will assist the company to determine the viability of the project as well as financial planning. Cost management A cost management plan will be developed that will indicate all costs and management team that will oversee project costs. The project leader will inform the directors on the cumulative costs of the project every month. The total cost of project is estimated at 500 million (Butcher and Demmers, 2003). Cost measurement Costs are managed using the earned value management technique. The measurement metrics to be computed include (US Department of Energy, 2011). Variance from the schedule Cost variance Schedule performance index Performance of cost index. The indexes to be used to determine the cost performance and output expected include; cost variance, earned va lue, schedule variance, schedule performance index and the cost performance index. References American National Standards.(2004). A guide to project management body of  Knowledge third edition. New York: American National Standards. Burke, R., (2010). Fundamentals of Project Management 2nd edition. New York: Burke Publishing. Butcher, N and Demmers, L. (2003). Cost estimation simplified. Retrieved from: http://www.librisdesign.org/docs/CostEstimatSimp.pdf Kloppenborg, J.T.(2011).Contemporary Project Management organize / plan / perform. Mason, OH:South Western, Cengage Learning. Knutson, J.(2004). â€Å"Transition Plans,† PMNetwork 18 (4) 64-80. Lewis, J. (2002). Fundamentals of project Management. New York: AMACOM Margery, M.(2001).Expectations Management: Reconfirming Assumptions; Project  Management for Business Professionals: A Comprehensive Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons Maylor, H. (2001). Project Management, Third Edition. Singapore: Person publishers. Morris, P. (2010). Introduction to Project Management. Retrieved from: http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/44/04708512/0470851244.pdf Northrop Grumman Corporation. (2007). Communication Management Plan. Retrieved from: http://interop.mt.gov/content/docs/IM_Communicatons_Management_Plan_V3.0.pdf NTG. (2012). The Risk Management Process. Retrieved from http://www.det.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/4106/risk_management_process.pdf Project Management Institute. (2012). Project management professional (PMP)  handbook. Retrieved from: http://www.pmi.org/certification/~/media/pdf/certifications/pdc_pmphandbook.ashx Project Management Professional. (2002). Introducing Project Communication  Management. Retrieved from http://www.euroi.ktu.lt/lt/images/stories/Paskaitos/ch10.pdf Project Management Institute.(2013). A Guide to the Project Management Body of  Knowledge. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project management institute Project Management Docs. (2012). Risk management Plan. R etrieved From http://www.projectmanagementdocs.com/template/Risk-Management-Plan.pdf US Department of Energy. (2011). Cost Estimating Guide. Retrieved from: http://science.energy.gov/~/media/opa/pdf/processes-and-procedures/Cost_Estimating_G_413_3_21_final_05092011.pdf US Department of Energy. (2000). Project Management Practices, Work breakdown  Structure. Retrieved from: http://condor.depaul.edu/dmumaugh/readings/handouts/SE477/WorkBreakdownStructure.pdf Westland, J. (2007). The Project Management Life Cycle. Retrieved from: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/life_cycle/life_cycle.pdf William, R D.(2005). A guide to the Project management body of knowledge. PMI  standards Committees. Newtown Square, PA. Retrieved from: http://www.unipi.gr/akad_tmhm/biom_dioik_tech/files/pmbok.pdf Zhang, H. 2011. Two schools of risk analysis: A review of past research on project risk.  Project Management Journal.42 (4):5 – 18. This essay on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity was written and submitted by user Terrell Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.