AP Spanish Language Scores Learn What Colleges Require

Most colleges and universities have a foreign language requirement, and a high score on the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam will sometimes fulfill that requirement. Successful completion of an Advanced Placement Spanish Language class is also a strong credential for demonstrating your language proficiency during the admissions process. About the AP Spanish Language and Culture Exam The AP Spanish Language and Culture exam takes just over three hours to complete. The test has listening, reading, and writing components. Section I of the exam is made up of 65 multiple choice questions and counts for 50% of the total exam score. This section has two parts: Part A ask students to answer questions related to Spanish language sources drawn from literature, ads, maps, tables, letters, and newspapers.Part B of the exam focuses on a combination of listening and reading. Students will answer questions after listening to audio texts drawn from sources such as interviews, podcasts and conversations. Section II of the exam focuses on writing. Students must perform four tasks: Task 1 asks students to read and respond to an email message.For Task 2, students write a persuasive essay that integrates three source documents (an article, a table or graphic, and an audio text).Task 3 requires students to preview a conversation and then answer five questions related to the conversation.The final task involves presentation speaking in which students compare cultural features of their own community with those found in an area of the Spanish-speaking world. To learn more specific information about the AP Spanish Language exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website. AP Spanish Language and Culture Score Information In 2018, over 180,435 students took the exam and those test-takers earned a mean score of 3.69. AP exams are scored using a 5-point scale. The distribution of scores for the AP Spanish Language exam is as follows: AP Spanish Language Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 42,708 23.7 4 62,658 34.7 3 53,985 29.9 2 18,597 10.3 1 2,487 1.4 Note that these scores represent the total group of students who took the exam, including students who studied outside of the U.S. and may be regular speakers of Spanish. For the standard group of test-takers (those from the U.S. who learned Spanish in U.S. schools), the mean score was a 3.45, and a smaller percentage of students received a 4 or 5. College Credit and Course Placement for AP Spanish Most colleges and universities that have a liberal arts and sciences core curriculum will have a foreign language requirement, and Spanish is the most popular option among U.S. students.   The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Spanish Language exam. For colleges not listed below and to get the most up-to-date placement data, youll need to search the schools website or contact the appropriate Registrars office. You can see that nearly all colleges provide college credit for a high score on the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam. Placement, however, varies significantly. At UCLA, a score of 3 or higher fulfills a students foreign language requirement. Highly selective schools like MIT, Yale, and Grinnell, however, do not award any course placement based on AP Spanish exam scores.   AP Spanish Language Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; no placement LSU 3, 4 or 5 SPAN 1101 and 1102 (8 credits) for a 3; SPAN 1101, 1102, and 2101 (11 credits) for a 4; SPAN 1101, 1102, 2101, and 2102 (14 credits) for a 5 MIT 5 9 general elective credits; no placement Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 FLS 1113, 1123, 2133 (9 credits) for a 3; FLS 1113,1123, 2133, 2143 (12 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Spanish 10101 (3 credits) for a 1; Spanish 10101 and 10102 (6 credits) for a 2; Spanish 10102 and 20201 (6 credits) for a 3; Spanish 20201 and 20202 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit Stanford University 5 10 quarter units; placement exam required if continuing in Spanish Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II (6 credits) for a 3; SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II, and SPAN 201 Intermediate Spanish I (9 credits) for a 4; SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II and SPAN 201 Intermediate Spanish I and II (12 credits) for a 5 UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits; language requirement fulfilled Yale University 4 or 5 2 credits A Final Word About AP Spanish Language and Culture Whatever score you get on the exam, and whether or not you earn college course credit, the AP Spanish exam can help on the college admissions front. Colleges want to see that applicants have taken the most challenging courses available to them, and AP classes play on important role on that front. Also, completion of an Advanced Placement language class typically means that you have exceeded the minimal foreign language requirement for admission. This shows that you have pushed yourself to learn more than is required of you, a fact that will be a plus when applying to college. Finally, realize that AP exam scores, unlike the SAT and ACT, are typically self reported and are not a required part of a college application. If you scored a 1 or 2 on the exam, you can simply choose to not report your score on your college application.

Immigration And The United States Essay - 1951 Words

Immigration as a whole is not the problem of focus but instead it is the system that is in place to regulate immigration and prevent the negative aspects of immigration influencing the United States. The Obama Administration recognizes the system is broken and knows it is a big deal for the country not only are we aware of the situation but there are things we would like to put into action in order to fix the system, sooner rather than later. The Obama Administration would like to do things such as place focus on deporting felons and not hardworking families and ensuring that those who do immigrate to the United States do their fair share within the country. We believe the United States citizens are not losing their jobs solely because of the immigration but because of the illegal immigration and undocumented workers who are employed largely because they are exploited and will work for much lower wages. We see this as hazardous to our economy. The Obama administration has taken execu tive actions in order to try and fix the system however powers are still limited and it is ultimately up to congress on whether these such actions can be executed successfully. Such actions would include tackling immigration at it source , the border, and strengthening security, earned citizenship, streamlining immigration, and using immigration to grow our economy. As stated before the Obama Administration unlike some others arguments recognize the benefits of immigration to the United StatesShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of th e population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. Opening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinionRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesA native of Mexico, Gonzalez came to the United States using a visa, to visit family members and in 1994, police convicted Gonzalez of the abduction and rape of a Waukegan, Illinois woman. During his conviction his attorney, Vanessa Potkin, addressed that at twenty years old, Gonzalez spoke very little English, had no criminal record, and yet the police wanted to pin the crime on him. Twenty years later, DNA from the crime cleared him of both charges, and Gonzalez is now threatened with deportationRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and European to settle in the New World. Since the colonial era, America has seen a wave of immigrants migrate in search of freedom and equality. Is this the same immigration today? Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

Analysis of Toy Cars for Heavy Metal Content free essay sample

Two different digestion methods were followed, and both confirmed the presence of Baa and Fee, although the concentrations obtained by each teeth differed: higher values m/m% was obtained for all samples digested by HCI than for samples digested by acetic acid. Trace amounts of many natural occurring chemical elements such as sodium, magnesium and iron are needed for the proper functioning of the human body . However, there are also elements which are toxic to the human body such as mercury, lead, thallium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, selenium and barium.These metals are part of a loosely defined group known as heavy metals. The toxicity of most heavy metals are caused by the fact that they accumulate In the body over time, and interfere with biological castles, for example mercury, which Irreversibly Inhibits enzyme activity, and lead, which also inhibits enzyme activity and interferes with neurotransmitters, causing a wide range of side effects, some of which are life threatening. These heavy metals are used in many industrial manufacturing applications which include the manufacturing of pesticides, batteries, alloys, electroplated metal parts, textile dyes, and of particular importance for this study, plants. According to studies In the USA, It appears that paints are the leading cause of lead poisoning amongst children, and in particular, the paint found on toys. In an attempt to ensure the safety of toys, certain international regulations have been formulated. ASTM F-963 is a set of regulations that cover many different safety aspects related to toys, including their heavy metal content.ASTM F-963 prescribes deferent digestion methods for different toys, all of them aimed at imitating the human digestive system, to determine how much of a certain element For paints the ASTM F-963 does not recommend total digestions of the toy, but rather crapping off the paint, as the surface of a toy is the part most likely to be digested by the human stomach. 5 Various te chniques and instruments can be used to analyses the digested and prepared samples, the different choices mostly dependent on the concentration range, and the elements being tested for.For this study the analysis method of choice was ICP-GOES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. This type of spectroscopy uses an inductively coupled plasma to excite atoms and ions to emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths unique to reticular elements. The intensity of the emission can be correlated to the concentration of the specific element within a sample. One of the advantages of ICP- GOES is that it is not only able to detect specific elements quantitatively, but it is also capable of performing multi-elemental qualitative scans.This is extremely convenient when determining in advance whether it will be worthwhile to analyses quantitatively for a specific element. ICP-GOES can also detect more than 70 elements, making it very versatile. 7 However, it does have a few disadvantages. It doesnt have ere low detection limits, with its dynamic range being a high pimp range. This Instrument is also very expensive, and the argon used for the plasma, is also a rather expensive inert gas. Furthermore this instrument does not allow the detection of Isotopes, but fortunately this is of very little importance for this specific study. EXPERIMENTAL 1.Preparation of standards Standards were prepared for calibration curves for detection of Baa and Fee. Baa(NON)2 Nas used to prepare a 5 pimp Baa stock solution, from which 2 pimp, 1 pimp, 0. 5 pimp, J. Pimp, 0. 1 pimp and 0. 005 pimp solutions were made up by dilution. Fesses. OH Nas used to prepare a 5 pimp Fee stock solution, from which 2 pimp, 1 pimp, 0. 5 pimp, 3. 1 pimp, 0. 05 pimp and 0. 02 pimp solutions were made up by dilution. The solutions Newer measured by ICP-GOES. 2. Sample preparation Paint was scraped down from yellow and from black toy cars. The yellow batch was mixed to homogeneities it, as was the black batch. 3.Sample digestion according to method 1 5 paint sample of yellow paint (z 100 MGM) and 5 samples of black paint (z 100 MGM) Newer weighed out. To each sample was added acetic acid (10 ml, 4%). The samples Newer left to stand for 24 hours in darkness. The samples were then filtered, and the extractions diluted to 50 ml. All the samples were measured by ICP-GOES. 4. Sample digestion according to method 2 Newer weighed out. To each sample was added HCI (5 ml, 0. 1 M). The HCI containing samples were heated in a water bath at 37 co in darkness for 1 hour, with agitation. Irish was followed by 1 hour in the water bath in darkness without agitation.The samples were the filtered and the extractions diluted to 50 ml. All the samples were measured by ICP-GOES. All analysis was done on a SIPS-7510 Shimmied instrument. 1. Qualitative broad scan Before starting quantitative analysis, a qualitative elemental broad scan was performed to see what metals were present in sufficient quantities to merit analysis. AAA was the only discovered heavy metal, along with Fee and Ca. The decision was made not to analyses for Ca, as it is present in all water sources, and the ICP-GOES almost always gives false concentration values for Ca.It was then decided to analyses only for Baa and Fee. 2. Barium A calibration curve was drawn from the intensities measured for the series of prepared standard solutions, giving a linear trend line y = 8. Xx 0. 4183, RE = 3. 995, where y = intensity, and x = concentration. After measuring the standards, all the prepared samples were measured and from the calibration curve the concentration of Baa in both the yellow and black paint, prepared by different digestion methods, could be determined. Table 1 gives the summarized data obtained from the measurements.

The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity

Introduction Project Overview This project charter discusses the development of a project to generate electricity. The electricity will be harnessed from the wastes generated by the sugar cane after the milling and extraction of the sugar juice. These wastes are combusted and used to generate electricity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main element of the project includes project planning, inception, execution, completion and commissioning of the project (American National Standards, 2004; Project Management Institute, 2013). This work entails the development of a project charter for this project. Project Purpose The purpose of this project is to provide pertinent details with regard to the installation of power plants that utilize sugarcane wastes to generate electricity. The plant is being set up so as to minimize wastes gener ated by the sugar mills (Morris, 2010). Scope Statement In this project, a 200 MW power generation plant will be installed at the sugar company. The plant will be operated using waste sugarcane. The project will be installed in the sugar processing plants. All the details of the project are summarized in this project charter and will not be altered without prior information and consent for all the stakeholders (Burke, 2010). Project Objectives and goals The main project objective is the development and installation of a power plant that uses sugarcane wastes for generations of electricity. The specific objectives for this project are: To carry out a feasibility study on the use of sugar mill wastes for power generation. This will entail evaluations on the possibilities of generating electricity using these wastes as well as quantification of the amount of energy that can be generated by the plant. The feasibility study will also identify the equipment to be used for this project To develop a project charter and project management plan detailing all the requirements for the project, their timelines and costs. To execute the project within the specified time and financial constrains. The execution of the project will entail the installation, testing and commissioning of all the equipments. Project Stakeholders The project stakeholder is a list of all the people that are involved in the project as well as those affected by the project (Maylor, 2001). They include both external and internal stakeholders (Morris, 2010). The main project stakeholders for this project include: Project manager –He is in charge of the project Project team members-they are in charge in implementation of the project Sugar mill management- they are the project sponsors and will provide all the financial support Employee- these are the employees of the sugar mill Transmission Company – will distribute the electricity Local residents – they reside in the area where t he plant will be installed, they are affected by the project Project Deliverables Project deliverables can be regarded as the outputs of the project. For this project, the main deliverables include:Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conducting a feasibility study so as to indentify the main equipments, their size and other parameters and variables related to the project The development of a project charter The development of a project management plan for the installation of the power plant (Knutson, 2004) The installation of the power plant using wastes sugarcane for power generation Project Milestones The project milestones are the main achievements in the project (William, 2005). These milestones are usually important steps achieved during the implementation of the project. Milestone name Milestone description Feasibility study A feasibility study will be carried out so as to establish the financial viability of the project. The main achievements of this feasibility study are To assess the amount of energy that can be generated To determine the space and other site conditions To establish communication and teamwork among all the major partners Project inception This entails the initial activities that will be carried out at the start of the project. These include Development of project charter Development of a scope statement Team selection Formulation of the project plan This will entail the development of the project management plan Selection of the project team members All the team members for the project will be selected. These include: team members, project managers, the project leader and other specialists. Design and configuration of the plant The plant will be designed such that all the equipments and other components are effectively positioned in the right place and all the materials required are identified. Selection of plant The main equipments and machinery will be selected and their specifications examined. This will ensure that the procurement process will be effective and efficient. Some of the main equipments to be purchased include: Boiler- will be used to generate steam. The wastes sugarcane will be feed to the boiler for the purpose of steam generation Heat exchanger – used for cooling Water pump –circulating the steam Turbine – steam is expanded in the turbine producing a rotational motion AC generators- this will be rotated by the turbine and used to generate electricity Wires – connection Power control modules – will be used to control the whole equipment Purchasing of the materials All the materials will be purchased as per the procurement management plan and with regard to the time schedule. Installation The equipments will be installed based on the design specifications and the project schedule developed using project management software . Testing Various machineries such as boilers, turbines and generators will be tested during the installation process. The complete test runs will be run after the installation and any improvements made Training The sugarcane workers, management staff and specialist in power generation will be trained on how to handle and maintain the plant. Commissioning The project will be commissioned and handled over to the sponsor Project completion The project will be wound up. All the machines used ion installation will be handed over to the sugar company. All the financial accounts will be settled upon completion. Projects Constrains Financial constraints.This project has a Budget of 50 million$ and no supplementary budgets or other financial sources included; therefore it is imperative to make proper planning to avoid overspending (Lewis, 2002). Time constraint: the project will be completed within a period of 2 years. This will require proper time management and planning to avoi d extensions and delays which have financial implications. Labor constraint: Availability of manual and skilled labor from the surrounding area may be a challenge. Project Schedule A project schedule indicates the major project milestones, their completion dates, the resources involved and acceptance criteria (Kloppenborg, 2011). Milestone Name Completion date Stakeholders involved Acceptance criteria Project start date September 1st2013 Sugar company managers, project managers, employees and power distribution company Ensure that all the project stakeholders are informed of the project and the comments taken to account Selection of the project team members and coordinators September 10th2013 Project team managers, sponsors and other company managers -Ensure that project team members are well selected -Ensure that all specialists are hired Feasibility study October 30th2013 Project managers, distribution company, power/ electricity specialists and plant technicians Ensure t hat all power plant aspects such as plant size, plant power capacity and other parameters are evaluated Formulation of the project plan November 30th2013 Project managers and project team members Ensure that a detailed Project management plan is developed. all sections must be incorporated Design and configuration of the plant December 20th2013 Project managers, project team members and specialists Ensure that the plant layout and design are completed to the required standards Selection of plant equipments February 15th2013 Specialists in electrical power generations, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that the correct equipment are selected Ensure that the equipments are compatible with each other Purchasing of the materials June 20th2014 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians -Ensure that the procurement process is followed strictly such that high quality and affordable equipment are purchased. -E nsure all equipments are delivered on time. Installation February 25th2015 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure all the machines are properly installed as per the design layout Testing April 20th2015 Project managers, procurement team, Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that all the equipments are working as per the specifications Training August 1st2015 Specialists in electrical power generation, plant engineers and technicians Ensure that engineers and plant technicians are trained on the new equipment. Commissioning August 30th2015 All stakeholders Hand over the plant to the sponsors Project completion August 30th2015 All stakeholders Finalize all the works Project Risks Financial risk: These may arise due to unforeseen circumstances such as changes in the prices of materials to be used in construction, or changes in the design. They will be overcome by introducing a supplementary budget if needed (Westland, 2007). Faulty equipment: Equipment failure during the construction phase poses a risk to the implementation of the project. This is because of time consumed in repairs and unnecessary work delays (NTG, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Safety Risks: Occurrence of accidents during construction phase is a risk to the workers. Materials procurement risks: Delayed delivery of equipments poses risk of delay in project implementation phases. Items sourced by importation require early planning to avoid delays (Project Management Docs, 2012). Availability of skilled labor and appropriate technology: The scale of project requires advanced technology as well as highly qualified engineers who may not be available in the country (Zhang, 2011). Change Management The proc ess of Change management will be done In accordance with the change management standards. (Burke, 2010) Develop a change log to track all changes occurring in the project cycle. A change order form will be used to record all changes. Assessment of changes must be done to determine impact cost and effect on time of completion. All changes must be reviewed by the project managers and the directors to enable them approve extra funding of the project. The changes must be acceptable to the owner.Changes not approved by the owner will not be implemented (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2007). Changes affecting the project schedule must be updated on the schedule and on the budget to reflect the effects. Financial Management All financial obligations are borne by the directors of the organization. The managing director has the right to alter the money allocated to the project during the periodic reviews (Project management institute, 2012). Financial management will be handled under three key areas.these are capital budgeting, cost management and cost measurement. Capital Budgeting There are various ways in which capital budgeting can be carried out. This includes cost/benefit analysis, internal rate of return and net present value assessment. A sensitivity analysis will also be carried out (Project Management Professional, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the cost benefit analysis the long run cost of the project is assessed against the potential returns.it will also be assessed by the net present value method and the internal rate of return. (IRR).This analysis will assist the company to determine the viability of the project as well as financial planning. Cost management A cost management plan will be developed that will indicate all costs and management team that will oversee project costs. The project leader will inform the directors on the cumulative costs of the project every month. The total cost of project is estimated at 500 million (Butcher and Demmers, 2003). Cost measurement Costs are managed using the earned value management technique. The measurement metrics to be computed include (US Department of Energy, 2011). Variance from the schedule Cost variance Schedule performance index Performance of cost index. The indexes to be used to determine the cost performance and output expected include; cost variance, earned va lue, schedule variance, schedule performance index and the cost performance index. References American National Standards.(2004). A guide to project management body of  Knowledge third edition. New York: American National Standards. Burke, R., (2010). Fundamentals of Project Management 2nd edition. New York: Burke Publishing. Butcher, N and Demmers, L. (2003). Cost estimation simplified. Retrieved from: http://www.librisdesign.org/docs/CostEstimatSimp.pdf Kloppenborg, J.T.(2011).Contemporary Project Management organize / plan / perform. Mason, OH:South Western, Cengage Learning. Knutson, J.(2004). â€Å"Transition Plans,† PMNetwork 18 (4) 64-80. Lewis, J. (2002). Fundamentals of project Management. New York: AMACOM Margery, M.(2001).Expectations Management: Reconfirming Assumptions; Project  Management for Business Professionals: A Comprehensive Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons Maylor, H. (2001). Project Management, Third Edition. Singapore: Person publishers. Morris, P. (2010). Introduction to Project Management. Retrieved from: http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/44/04708512/0470851244.pdf Northrop Grumman Corporation. (2007). Communication Management Plan. Retrieved from: http://interop.mt.gov/content/docs/IM_Communicatons_Management_Plan_V3.0.pdf NTG. (2012). The Risk Management Process. Retrieved from http://www.det.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/4106/risk_management_process.pdf Project Management Institute. (2012). Project management professional (PMP)  handbook. Retrieved from: http://www.pmi.org/certification/~/media/pdf/certifications/pdc_pmphandbook.ashx Project Management Professional. (2002). Introducing Project Communication  Management. Retrieved from http://www.euroi.ktu.lt/lt/images/stories/Paskaitos/ch10.pdf Project Management Institute.(2013). A Guide to the Project Management Body of  Knowledge. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project management institute Project Management Docs. (2012). Risk management Plan. R etrieved From http://www.projectmanagementdocs.com/template/Risk-Management-Plan.pdf US Department of Energy. (2011). Cost Estimating Guide. Retrieved from: http://science.energy.gov/~/media/opa/pdf/processes-and-procedures/Cost_Estimating_G_413_3_21_final_05092011.pdf US Department of Energy. (2000). Project Management Practices, Work breakdown  Structure. Retrieved from: http://condor.depaul.edu/dmumaugh/readings/handouts/SE477/WorkBreakdownStructure.pdf Westland, J. (2007). The Project Management Life Cycle. Retrieved from: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/life_cycle/life_cycle.pdf William, R D.(2005). A guide to the Project management body of knowledge. PMI  standards Committees. Newtown Square, PA. Retrieved from: http://www.unipi.gr/akad_tmhm/biom_dioik_tech/files/pmbok.pdf Zhang, H. 2011. Two schools of risk analysis: A review of past research on project risk.  Project Management Journal.42 (4):5 – 18. This essay on The Use of Sugar Wastes to Generate Electricity was written and submitted by user Terrell Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.